Punctuation
Punctuation is the name of the division of sentence which we carryout in order to make the listeners or the reader to convey the correct meaning of every sentence – Punctuation has different marks or symbols.
The marks are :
1. Full stop (.)
2. Comma (,)
3. Semi colon (;)
4. Colon (: )
5. Quotation marks (“ ”)
6. Marks of Exclamation (!)
7. Mark of Interrogation (?)
8. Apostrophe (’)
9. Hyphen (-)
10. Dash ( ________ ) It is equal to 4 hyphens .
Full Stop (.)
(i)
It is always used at the end of such positive and negative sentences to convey the full sense to the reader .
For example : She is going to college .
She did not finish her work.
(ii)
It is also used after abriviations abbreviations
For example : M.A. ( Master of science ) , B.A. (Bachelor of Arts)
B.Sc,. ( Bachelor of science ) , B. com . (Bachelor of commerce)
F.A. ( Fundamental of Arts / Faculty of Arts )
F.Sc.( Fundamental of Science / Faculty of Science )
I.Com. ( Intermediate in Commerce )
M.B.B.S. ( Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery)
L.L.B. ( Bachelor of Law)
P.Hd (Doctor of Philosophy)
M.B.A. ( Master of Business Administration )
B.B.A. (Bachelor of Business Administration )
e.g. ( Examplie gratia) for example
i. e. ( id – est) that is
etc. ( etcetra )
Comma (,)
(i)
It is a small stop than full stop. If the speech maker ( person who are saying something ) is want to take a little break and then convey the whole sentence, at that place that comma is used.
E.g, If he comes, I shall go with him
(ii)
If a sentence consists of more than one noun then comma is used to separate them.
e.g., He has a book , two pencils, three pens, two papers and an eraser.
(iii)
If there are more than one adjectives in a sentence are available then comma is used to separate them.
e.g., My friend is gentle , honest , kind , hard work and a man of principle.
(iv) If a sentence having more than one adverbs in it, the comma is used to separate them.
e.g., She did this work faithfully, honestly, devotedly, regularly and voluntarily.
(v)
If a sentence based upon more than one verb in it, the comma is used to separate them.
e.g., I went there , met her , sat there for a while, talk to her , gave her things to her and returned.
(vi)
When something is said to some one by addressing or calling his / her name then we used comma after the name of the person which is addressed.
e.g., Natasha, come here .
Nazia, Where are you going?
(vii)
Comma is always used after some words in the sentences these are :
Now , No , Yes , at last , how ever, of cource , well , therefore, indeed , last night, last day, Never theless , more over, to sump for example, at length, not with standing, in short, lastly on the whole, in fact, actually, after words, besides , consequently, fortunately , further, hence, namely , naturally , otherwise , perhaps, obviously, personally, respectively, thus, after all , theoretically, as a matter of fact, as a result , as a rule, as you know, at least , by chance , for instance, for the time being, in other words, in short, on the other hand , strictly speaking.
(viii)
If a small sentence in a long sentence used for explain something or some information is given about subject or any thing the comma is used before it and after it for separate it from the sentence.
Quaid- e- Azam, our great leader , born in Karachi.
(ix)
It is also used after each pair in a series of words or phrases in pairs : e.g.,
Here & there , Now & then , the rich & the poor, the black& the white , the strong & the weak, young & old , high & low.
(x)
In indirect speech , we use comma to separate reporting speech from the reported speech.
e.g., He said , “I am busy”
(xi)
We also use comma to separate the date of the month from the year . e.g.,
February 6, 2009 / 6th February, 2009.
Semi Colon (;)
(i)
If we do not want to use conjunction to joint the two(parts of a sentence) sentences then semi colon can be used.
e.g., Ali is my class fellow and he lives near my house .
Ali is my class fellow ; he lives near my house .
(ii)
We always use semi colon before the following words when they are used to join two sentences these are therefore , however, otherwise, more over, never theless , further more, hence, then , besides, accordingly, in fact consequently , likewise , mean while , as a result , nomely , other wise.
e.g., You should work hard ; otherwise , you will fail .
(iii)
When a reality in a sentence is required to be stressed again & again.
e.g., The coconut tree gives us food ; it gives us oil; it gives ropes and other necessities .
Colon (:)
(i)
The colon is used to introduce quotations e.g.,
The Holy Quran says : “The believers are those who believe in one God”
(ii)
When a thing is required to be counted then the colon is used .,e.g.,
I have four things : a pen , a chair and a lamp.
(iii)
It is also used after the following words when they come at the end of a sentence .
The following, following and thus .
(iv)
It is also used between hours & minutes when they are expressed in figures . e.g., 5:30 P.M
(“ ”) Quotation marks:-
The words of a speaker or writer are always enclosed in quotation marks . e.g.,
He said to me , “I shall extend you every sort of help through thick & thin”.
(?) Mark of Interrogation
It is always used at the end of interrogative sentences e.g., How are you?
Mark of Exclamation (!)
It is used immediately after the words which express sudden happiness or sorrowing feelings or figures as “ three 9,s , “ four 5’s” or At the end of the sentence in the place of full stop & in that situation the comma is used after them.
Hyphen (-) :-
(i)
It is used to indicate the components or parts of a compound word e.g., Father – in – law , co-education .
(ii)
It is also used b/w each numerical figure from twenty one to Ninety nine , When they are written in words – e.g., Twenty – one , Ninety- five, Sixty- six
(iii)
Hyphen is also used to separate vowels which require to be prononsed separately – e.g.,
Co-education , co-operate , pre-occupied.
Dash ( )
It is used to indicate that following is a summary or conclusion of any action – e.g.,
Apostrophe (’ )
(i)
It is used to show possession of living being regard to something.
e.g., Natasha’s book , Ali’s pen
(ii)
It is also used to omit one or more syllabouls in a word – e.g.,
Do not Don’t
Does not Doesn’t
Did not Didn’t
Can not Can’t
Will not ’ll not
Shall not Shan’t
(iii)
It is also used in making plural of numerical
e.g., 9’s , 4’s
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Pictures (1)Reminder-Something that makes you to remember forgotten thing.
Pictures serve as a reminder of the special oceasions of our life.
Remind verb
(2)Cherish- To love – To protect, keep in for a long time mind, pleasant
Feeling .Every one want to cherish the happy moments.
· Cherish the memory
· Most cherished possession.
· Children want to be cherished.
(or cawelm) (verb) Strong emotional effect on sb that makes difficult
How to react.
(3) Overwhelmed – Occupied
Mostly we are overwhelmed with the feelings of dejavu. I had a strong
Feeling of dejavu when I saw that picture. (de13a : ‘vu:)
(4)Dejavu – Dey – zh – aa – voo
The feeling that you have previously experienced sth which is
Happening to you now.
(5)Captured- Catch, control, capture attention/imagination /enterest
(6) Gloomy- Depressive mood
Sometimes we are in a gloomy mood lout the pictures of the happy
Moments cherish us.
Capitulate-surrender (verb)
Captive- prisoners.
Captivate- under control
Family chain , / word , word root
(7) Pictures serve as a heritage for our younger generation. Cultured heritage, (The history, traditions qualities of a society of a country
(8)Glorious (magnificent).
Pictures of our glorious moments serve as a for a source of insipiration
For our young ones
(9)Land Marks/ water shed.- Turning point
* Every body loves to share the land-marks moments of their lives.
* There are water shed moments and the pictures of these moments act for the people to pursue their thoughts with great zeal
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Charity Voluntary Services:-
(1) Cherity is an inner effort to do good
(2) Extend- Range (continue)
To extend a gesture of good will toward the suffering and needy.
(3) Anguish + Agony –A state of physical or mental cute pain-
Extreme mental distress
An agony of doubt. There are thousand people who feel the pain, anguish and agony of others.
Lengths – Distance.
These noble spirits will go to any length to wake this world a better place.
Ambassadors- Representative.
Calamity- Catastrophe, tragedy
Rescue- Free from harm - / delivery / saving.
These ambassadors of peace will rush to any scene of accidents, disaster or calamity to offer relief, rescue or just comfort with out seeking any reward.
Missionary / Some one who attempts to convert others to particular doctrine. It happens to those who has missionary zeal.
Cope + equipped. (weaponed , furnished)
The government of these poor countries are never equipped to cope with such disasters.
Devastation / Destruction.
Devastation and destruction go out of control
Volunteers Ventured into flood-hit, war ravaged, disaster-struck areas to run relief operations. It takes a lot of guts / courage to put one’s life at stake to save other’s lives.
Who works for human well bog?
Philanthropists-Fortunately world is full of philanthropists .
Charity outfits. Well organized charity outfits who arrive first at scene too offer their services.
They started a crusade against social evils and corruption.
Benevolent Intended or showing kindness, Benevolent people and their generous donation sustain and support these welfare groups and keep the hope alive.
Telethon – A long television show broadcast to raise money for charity.
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Education System
(1)Frustration. Disappointment – Defeat.
Our examination system is the major cause of frustration among the student.
(2) Provoking. To enrage. You provoke someone when you make them angry or annoyed deliberately. -1 Thought provoking. Brain storm as many ideas as possible. A sudden invalidity to think clearly brain storming – A way of making the group of the people all think some time solve the problem. She had the brain storm in the exams and could not answer the single question.
Worth- Having values in money.
Many graduates and post graduates are unable to prove their worth and suffer the problem of unemployment.
Quest. Quest for knowledge should be established.
Dead Lock .The vision of student must be broad otherwise the dead rock in the psychological and scientific (field) will persist.
Discard – delete.
The extra material must be discarded from the syllabus.
Innovative Modern + advance
Teachers should look out the innovative wars to teach the student.
In the absence of master mind the mediocre take change in every sphere of life and the very sensitive and critical matters fauns a victim to inaptitude and incompetence people involved .
Yearn- A strong desire.
The current state of affairs in the country is the product of yearn of brain.
Yearning. A strong wish.
Teachers should look out innovation ways to teach the students so that they have a read yearning for knowledge.
Break the steps.
Serious efforts are required to break the steps.
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Favorite personality
(1) Luminous :-
Softly bright or radiant occasionally, we meet people with luminous presence, oozing confidence and inspiring awe.
(2) Oozing: - The process of sleeping leaking out slowly.
(3) Exceptional :-
Special, Extraordinary
*I like the personality who possess exception powers
(4) Charismatic: - Having charisma / person’s power to attract or influence people
The ones whose charismatic personality hypnotizes the least vulnerable
(5)Hypnotize
(6) Integrity:-
The integrity of who, can’t be questioned.
(7) Philanthropist :-
This stellar personality is renowned as philanthropist.
(8) Tycoon: - successful businessman
He is tycoon with vast business empire.
(8) Down to earth :-
I never met any high profit figure who is humble and down to earth.
*Although he is very humble and down to earth.
(10) Impeccable: - without fault and error
He has sterling character and an impeccable track record.
*Even die hard, cynics, concede,
*Continue to exist.
*Fault finder
* Confess
(11) Winsome: - attractive / charming
The most winsome feature of his personality is his courage of conviction.
Strong belief / unshakable, notion
*He does not pay lip service.
* He took practical initiative.
(12) Adore: - To love very much.
I simply adore his personality
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HOME (Vocabulary)
(1) Heaven of peace
My home is a heaven of place .It is heaven being away from job and office
(2) Tranquility (Peace)
It is island of tranquility .Tranquility (Peaceful) waters of the lake has a tranquil life.
(3) Grinding (Hectic)
(4) Cozy (Friendly atmosphere) warm, safe, comfortable.
After the grinding day and a hectic routine the idea of coming home is a so cozy and relaxing.
(Feel cozy, cozy little room, cozy chat with a friend)
Heavenly – pleasant, wonderful (used for feeling/ place morning)
This place is heavenly.
(5) Compassion: - (pity, the human quality of understand the suffering of others)
Home offers us compassion and comfort. (Feel/show compassion for fear feeling or belief)
We may have been in depressing mood but the cheerful atmosphere of our home dispel our gloomy feeling (full of atmosphere – very interesting)
(7) Dotting (showing a lot of love, often ignoring their fault)
The affection of our dotting mother or caring family members lifts our spirit.
(8) Tastefully:- (attractive) (having good choice)
Our home is tastefully decorated
.
(9) Motif (design or a pattern used as decoration with wallpapers and flower motifs)
(10)Commendable:- (worthy of high praise )
The choice of color of paint and certain has been commendable.
Commendation – to praise, appreciate
(11)Vibrant – fully of life energy
The vibrant color add warmth to the atmosphere
(12) Meticulous: - (playing careful attention to every detail)
My mother is a meticulous
Housewife (homemaker)
(1) Heavenly – pleasant , wonderful used for felling ,place , morning)
It is heavenly being away from job and office
(2) Tranquility – peace. Tranquil – ad
It is island of tranquility.
(3) grinding - grueling, hectic, toils some ,laborious
· cozy – friendly atmosphere , (warm, safe , comfortable)
· After the grinding day and a hectic routine the idea of coming home is a so cozy and relaxing.
(4) compassion :- pity, the human quality of under standing the suffering of others
Want to do something for other. Home offers us compassion and comfort
(5) Dispel – to make go away or disappear and feeling or belief. We may have been in depressing mood but the cheerful atmosphere of our home dispel our gloomy feeling
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Likes and Dislikes
To be obsessed with: Very much occupied with something.
Ø In this imperialistic world, people are obsessed with money.
Ø People are obsessed with exams and some are obsessed with going abroad.
Obsession: it is a noun.
Ø His family is annoyed because of his obsession with polities.
Fond of: having an interest / seems good.
Mania: Excessive love for something.
Mniac: person having excessive-love for something.
Ø Movies maniac never miss any new release.
Ø Music maniacs / picnic maniac / basalt maniacs.
Phobia: excessive hate / fear.
Phobie: person having excessive hate / fear.
Ø Many students are phobic to reading.
Savior / relish: enjoy a lot.
Ø I relish spicy food.
Ø We savoir picnics.
PETS
Mvstified: puzzled / confused.
Dare-devil: people very much enterprising. / loves Ricky adventures.
Vigorous: energetic / powerful.
Safeguard: as a means of protection / security.(against burglars, stalkers)
Fidelity / Lovelady: Faithfulness.
Ø Loyalty of dogs is legendary.
Ø Fidelity of N.W.F.Ppeople is legendary.
|Stray: For animals, who do not have any owner.(cats and dogs)
Ø Pet animals are tame / trained and groomed and not wild a compare to the stray ones.
Disillusioned: Who have no faith regarding humanity and mankind.
Betrayal: deception.
Ø Mostly animals don’t betray comparable to humans.
SPORTS
Vigorous: very active / full of energy.
Ø Sports lead to a vigorous and healthy life.
Ø Vigorous exercise helps in being fit and healthy.
Exertion: very active / full of energy.
Ø Sports lead to a vigorous and healthy life.
Ø Vigorous exercise helps in being fit and healthy.
Dispel: Drive away / scatter like fear / force to go away.
Ø His speech displaces all fears about his health.
Ø We should not dispel the hardships of life.
Invoke: appeal to / call on / summon.
Ø The opening Para of this text invokes the vision the vision of England.
Ø Sports invoke physical exertion.
Ø SPORTS INVOKE PHYSICAL EXERTION AND MAKES A MAN VIGROUS AND DISPEL ALLL HIS FEARS.
Notorious: Well know for being bad.
Ø A notorious criminal.
Ø The bar has become notorious as a meeting place for drug dealers.
Vulnerable: Weak and easily hurt physically and emotionally.
Ø Young children are easily vulnerable.
Dynamic: energetic / active.(for personality)
Ø Our prime minister has dynamic personality.
Energetic: full of spark.
Ø Boys are mostly energetic at festivals like basalt.
Observe: to see / to notice.
Ø Have you observed any changes in our city lately?
Involve: take part / get interested.
Ø Many of the criminals are involved in drug dealing.
Ø Students should not involve in political activities.
Impatient: not willing to accept any ideas.
Ø Students wait for their results impatiently.
Intolerant: not ready to tolerate different opinions.
Ø We should not be intolerant in facing hardships of life.
Tendency: (from trends an inclination to do something.
Ø The boys should mostly show their tendency in study areas.
Defiance: open refusal to obey.
Ø A gesture of defiance.
Ø We observe a defiance attitude among cricketers.
Rebellion: Refusal to accept some authority or code or convention.
Ø The army put down the rebellion.
Ø Teenager’s attitude of bang rebellion often starts at home.
Immoral: violating principles of right and wrong / characterized by wickedness.
Ø One should try to abstain from the immoral activities.
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Sports
Robust
Physically strong
Strong enough to over come
Sports lead to vigorous and robust life
Exertions
Especially sports which involve physician Exertion are sure
To disbel our sluggishness.
3. Young generation these days is notorious for couch potato life style and is more vulnerable to diseases.
NOTORIOUS
COCH POTATO
VULNARABLE
3. BOOST
Sports man experience boost in their stamina. The act of giving hope r support to some one encourage
4. Vivacious and life
Vigorous, dynamic, energetic, vivacity
He was charmed by his beauty & vivacity.
5. Out-let
A way of expressing strong feelings, ideas or emotions
Sports become the perfect out-let of his life.
The business of daily life makes us imperfect and emotional and intolerant.
The sports activities provide out-let for their pent – up emotions and make them poised and calm.
6. Toned-down
Less extreme or offensive
Any tendency of defense and rebellion can be toned-down with the help of games.
7. Compliance
The practice of obeying rules request by authority.
Any how sports can be a lesson in compliance and obedient to the authority.
Finally sports can divert the youth, energies towards healthy activities.
Producers that must be followed to in sure full complain with the law safety measures were carried out in complain with law (sections) of building regulation completion with law /suppose
(Complicated) (Complication) (Complicate)
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AN UNFOGETTABLE CONVERSATION
Heated debate / Fiery discussion / Full of anger / Excitement
A couple of week’s backs a group of my course mates had a fiery discussion on wave of terrorism in the country. I hoped to be around.
A Hawk / fire – brands - person who advocate / support aggression
It was a group of real hawk’s majority of who was the stanch supports of “ TALBAN “ movement
REACH THE FEVER PITCH
(To reach high level of anger or excitement)
At one point the argument reach the fever pitch and I was afraid there was going to be a free of all (free fight)
CHAMPIONS
ADVOCATES / SPONSERS / SUPPORTS
A handful of these course as were champions of peace, they were real doves
They thought this moat is violence against innocent people
SIT ON THE FENCE
Undecided / not either side. I decided to sit on the fence because topic was controversial (conflicted) that taking side was full of risk
COMMON SENCE PREVAIL
(WISE ATTITUDE, DOMINATIONAL)
At the end common sense prevailed and both sides show himself (ontrol) and I felt sense of relief
SANER – MINDED
Scanner minded among the group saved the situation (avoid the trouble) by light banter / repartee
Stick ones gun
“Refer to change mend about s/t even when people try to persuade you are wrong”
BOTH SIDES stuck their to guns and advanced arguments to justify theirs views. There seemed no end in sight to all this argument and counter argument.
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Shopping
(1) inventible :-
Shopping is inevitable .Willing or UN willing we all have to go shopping for our day to day needs
(2) Dingy: - narrow and dark and dirty
Cramped -- does not have enough space.
Congested –
Dingy, cramped and congested down town shops are a thing of the past
(2) Gleaming :-
Gleaming high rise imposing shopping malls have replaced the conventional shops
(4) Prolific: - mass growth
(5) Baffling: - amazed. Complete confusing
The prolific growth of supermarkets is baffling.
(6)Customary:-
Now it is customary to purchase an the desired items from one shopping mart where are essential consumer goods are available under the same roof
(7) Speckles :- ( with out small spot and or piece of dirt)
Speckles gleaming floors indicate the perception of the market manager.
Gleam --- moon, water eyes
(8) Aisles :-
Customer walks around the aisles pushing their shopping larks and pick and choose from wide range of items neatly piled on the rows shelves.
(9) Many costumers observer that use of credit cards encourage extravagance and lavishness
(10)Another feature of modern shopping is fixed prices.
(11)Negotiating the prices and driving a heard bargain was a source of great pleasure in the past
(3) Tycoons: - Successful person in business/property and rich and powerful.
There are lots of business tycoons in Faisalabad.
Media tycoon
Boom: - quick growth
Economic boom is the prominent feature of our city
Mushroom: - to grow/ develop
Mushroom growth of universities, institutions and commercial plazas is there.
Break neck: - high speed
City is developing at breakneck pace /speed
Back water area :- (underdeveloped area)
(12)Exploit
(13)Naivety :- (unskilled) unaware
Mostly costumers usually go for widow shopping for making parches to make sure that shop keeper may not exploit their naivety about prices and quality of product
Window shopping helps to explore variety, quality and prices of different goods
Impeccable :- (perfect) faultless
An impeccable costumer services at modern shops is an added in captives
So the claims are entertain and complaint are redressed efficiently
All these things increase the good will of the shops
Over all shopping is increasingly tuning into an activity makes business with pleasure
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Favorite movie
1 *Flick
* Show stealer
*Block buster – Hit huge business smash hit
IT is a super hit flick /a show stealer or a block buster of its time
2 Pot-boiler A literary composition of poor quality that is written for money
Not similar. Unlike typical pot-boiler movies this one has a powerful message to deliver
3 Dimension: - (1) A measurement in space
(2) Size or extent of a situation.
*We measured the dimensions of the kitchen room.
*Its social dimension is 3 dimensional unmistakable.
4 Perceptive:-
Foresight/having ability to see things that is not obvious.
* For the perceptive viewers, it is an eye-opener (and)a wake –up call.
Pasteurized + Screened Act of showing
The movie has been pasteurized and screened in a professional manner.
Amateur unpaid, unskilled professional, non professional
There is nothing amateur about this movie
Sophisticated: - Having a lot of experience about the world and knowing about fashion, culture, etc. Fashionable, well-mannered
*Movie has been filmed in a very sophisticated manner.
Equipment: - The gadget, appliances, tools, things that are needed for a particular purpose or activity.
*Equipment is outdated.
Unprecedented: - Unexampled that has never happened.
*On the whole it is a grand project , unprecedented in size from every aspect .
Disillusioned: - To destroy believe in or enlightened (free from illusion)
*People disillusioned with story –typed movies are delirious (excited) to see this movie
(11) Delirious: - {in a very excited state and not able to think and speak clearly}
He becomes delirious and not able to recognize people.
(12) Engrossing: - soak up, absorb the attention engaging, occupy.
· Story is engrossing
· You engross wholly in that wedding.
(13) Superb: -
Excellent, very good quality.
The cast of movie is superb too.
(14) Heart-throb:-
A famous person actor, or singer, that a lot of woman find attractive. The lead-role has been played by the heart-throb of the film world and the co-star is stunning and ravishing
Stunning/Ravishing/Delight, enchanting.
(1) An object of infatuation
(2) A person for whom one has romantic feeling.
Dish out: - Not necessarily, disapproving
Riff-raff:-
Consequently the stuff they dish out is fit for only manipulate exploit
Manipulate Hold something/control in a dishonest way
Let’ us face the fact that movies can manipulate the mind of the viewers
Exploit; Use or manipulate the one’s advantage
It is up to the movie maker, how they exploit this power of movie.
[Exploiter
[Exploitation (exploitation)
Exploitative
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Water sports
(1) Scuba-diving:-
Activity using special breathing equipment under water using oxygen (to go scuba-diving)
(2) water skiing :-
Wood metal or plastic runner to ski on water while being pulled by a fast boat
Pulled by- to push by force.
(3) Surfing :-
Riding on waves on a surfboard
The sport of riding in waves while standing on a narrow board.
*Water sports like surfing, boating water-skiing are blood racing, thrilling and expensive sports
*These all games require sports and equipment. But these are not our cup of tea.
(6) Pursuits :-
(Effort to overtake or capture)
*These games seem to be the pursuits of super fit, prosperous people. Hobby, past time, affluent rich & successful.
(Do something in pursuit of knowledge/profit/happiness
(7) Splurge :-
(Indulge oneself/extravagant/immoderate, ostentatious efforts)
*The prosperous people have no care in the world and spend lots of money to splurge.
(8) Lime-light: - Center of public sports.
- Public eye
-a focus of public attention
In the absence of government support it is very hard for any game to capture lime-light
(9) Constraints :- (Force to control retard)
*Cultural constraints also play a role in discouraging beach-life.
(10) Beach-life: - construction of time/money/space/financial/economic/legal/political constraints
(11) coastal waters :- (Relation of coast)
Seaward , inshore, the store of sea.
Some believe that quality of our coastal water is not fit for water sports.
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Weddings
(1) Fanfare - celebrate
In our country wedding functions are celebrated with great fanfare.
(2) Extravagant :-
*Spending a lot of money
*She has got extravagant taste
*An extravagant present
*Costing a lot of money than you can afford
*of ideas speech or behavior
*Very extreme or impressive but not reasonable and practical
(3) Exaggerated
*The extravagant claims/promises of politicians
(Adv) Extravagantly
*Extravagantly impressive
*Extravagantly high hopes
(Noun) Extravagance
Going to theatre is our extravagance
Lavish: - Expend profusely, *Distribute gifts lavishly.
(4) Banquet: - bang wit
* Ceremonial dinner party for many people.
*A large impressive meal for special occasion.
(Verb) Provide a feast
*A state banquet in the honor president
“Function mostly include extravagant lavish feast and banquets are two prominent features”
(5) Exuberant :- (Igzju: be rent)
*Full of energy, excitement and happiness
*exuberant / personality
*Exuberant/ imagination (of plants) strong and healthy and growing well.
(Noun)(Exuberance) strong health, full of energy
We can excuse his behavior as youthful exuberance.
*The atmosphere of the houses of bride and groom is thrilling and exiting. Everybody is in exuberant mood.
(6) Indispensable :- ( important)
(1) Absolutely necessary
(2) Unavoidable
(3) Essential
Dance and music are indispensable on matrimonial.
May you get matrimonial bliss?
(7) Jubilation:-
A feeling of extreme joy because of success
“Guest indulges in laughing and gossips .There is air of jubilation.
(8) Shimmering: - shinning, twinkling, sparking
*Twinkling and shimmering light reflect the glow of happiness.
(9) Sumptuous :- (sumptuous)
*Rich and superior in quality “sumptuous food is served.”
- Out fits (dresses)
Finery (dress)
Attire – ultra
*clothing of distinctive style.
*To put on special clothes to appear particularly appealing and attractive.
All this finery (attire) enhances the glamour of the occasion.
(10) Relish Get great pleasure/enjoyment every body relishes the occasion.
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democracy
Introduction
Definition & Explanation
Importance of Democracy Merits
of Democracy Demerits of
Democracy Democracy & Pakistan
Conclusion
The mean of democracy is government of the people, government for the people and government on the people it had been said by Aristotle. The people are the real owner of the government in democracy. They chose their representative by their own will. These representatives make new law for the welfare of the people and reflect the will of people . Another meaning of democracy majority is authority. Democracy is necessary for the progress of any country. Every person can take part in the affair of country in democracy. In this way a country makes progress Islam is a complete code of life. It describes the all affairs of life in details Islam is democratic religion. Consultation has great importance in Islam which is the basic rule of democracy is that every person can propagate his views easily in democracy. There are some disadvantages of democracy.
1. The people are numbered not measured .
2. Majority is a authority in democracy that is very harmful for the progress of society
3. Relations are preferred in democracy
4. Bribery corruption, nepotism and other social evils are created
5. The atmosphere Pakistan for democracy is not suitable. The people want a change here immediately that is impossible. The behaviors of the people cannot change. Great political parties and rulers are under control of so-called super power. They do not favour the people . They obey and keep happy America and other powers. In this way marshal law is applied in the country after five or six years. So we cannot make country and democracy strong. The population of our country is illiterate and ignorant. Seventy percent literacy rate is required for democracy can successful and we can get sublime status.
Technical Education
Education can be divided into three parts. Education that teaches us how to live in society is called social education. Education that develops our personality may be termed as Spiritual Education . The education that teaches us how to earn or living is named as professional education .
Vocational Education . Technical education is a branch of vocational Education. It is education that deals with some practical of mechanical art. It includes training in trade, commerce agriculture, medicine and engineering.
Technical education is very important in the modern age . It produces engineers, builders, doctors and mechanics. Through technical education we can increase the material resources of our country promotes the material prosperity and economic advancement. . It imparts quickness, attention, neatness and order in the workers. It create faith in the “Dignity of labour”. If a country has her own technical experts, she can save a lot of foreign, exchange. In short, Technical education makes a country rich prosperous and resourceful.
In Pakistan there is lack of Technical Education our school and colleges produce clerk. Our young men run after office jobs. They hate to learn practical skill. Poverty in Pakistan is due to the neglect of Technical Education . Our country is rich in raw material . We do not technical knowledge to benefits from them in this respect we must take two steps first more and more technical institution should set up secondly the idea of dignity should be popularized.
Multiple Essay
Introduction
Evil impacts and complications of ……………
It breads, social , economics & moral problem
Causes of …………..
Remedies
Conclusion
………………. is a major problem in most of the backward and developing countries. it indicates our moral , social and religious downfall . It is a matter of great shame that in spite of becoming a nuclear power, we are far behind other nations in a way of character and faith. There are many factors which are responsible to …………….., illiteracy, poverty and false ideas of society reveals that craze for wealth and power is the base of all kinds of ………………. People have become greedy and selfish. They do not know the virtues of love , sympathy and sacrifice.
……………….. has become one of the most important problems all over the world, especially in the third world countries like Pakistan . It is full of danger of evil impacts. ___It___ destabilizes and demoralizes nation and breads depression and frustration in the society and state.
It creates and spreads the feeling of uncertainty, instability and in security among the masses. It destroys its outer splendor economic prosperity social peace and nation unity. Consequently a nationals good image is spoiled all over the world. Lawlessness become order of the day due to poverty, corruption, indiscipline and illiteracy. It is not effectively , properly and promptly checked the entire judicial and the economic fabric of a nation will be collapsed.
……………. is highly dangerous and devastating for a country like Pakistan that has a week economy and political instability. If the evil of……………. is not nipped in the bud it may spread like a bushfire and engulf and whole nation or region like an epidemic. It destroys badly people’s faith in institution and supremacy of the constitution. It deprives masses from mental , physical, spiritual moral and economic health.
It also paves way for bloody revolution and military take over.
The main causes of ………….. are mass, illiteracy , poverty, wrong economic policies of government, man’s burning desires to become rich and bigwig overnight ____It__ creates economic pressure social and economic in justice.
Feudalism, capitalism and uneven distribution of wealth and opportunity non availability of basic necessities and fundamental rights also spread this evil.
Non availability of education health care and job also paves the way to spread ……….. in a society or state. External factors.
Like agencies of neighboring states like India also play a vital role in spreading …………… in Pakistan . In order to destabilize , it should be the duty of our officers as well as the scholars, educationist, political parties, N.G.O’s and national mass media to take necessary steps.
Now the question is how can get rid of it ? The task is huge but we must take strive measure to uproot the evil. Only then we can raise our head as a free and dignified nation.
Topics Essay
Corruption
Smuggling
Un-Employment
Inflation
Dearness
Drug-Trading
Terrorism
Over population
Mass Illiteracy
Drug Addiction
Sectarianism
Social Evils
Economic Crises
Beggary
Bribery
Nepotism
Dowry
Tax Evasion
Violence
Poverty
Growing Debt
Budget deficit
Despair
Black Marketing Harding
Indiscipline
Hypocrisy
Favoritism
Insecurity
Provincialism
Child Labour
Regionalism
Flattery
Religion Violence
Robberies
yellow journalism
Red Taps
Exploitation
Lawless loss
Violation of Fundamental Rights
Vandalism
Capitalism
Fundamentalism
Feudalism
Heath problem
Insufficient Medical Facilities
Back Biting
Freedom of press
Devaluation of Currency
Economic Sanction against Pakistan
Ido- pak conflict and its Effect
Tension in south Asia
Independence of judiciary
Social & Economic problem of Pakistan
Social & Economic problem of Pakistan
Social & Eco. Injustice
Injustice and in Equality
Lake of Tolerance
Disunity
Linguistic Violence
Theft
dept. Return Movement
Harms of Smoking
Inflation
1. Introduction
Importance
Merits & Demerits
..in the whole world
Remedies
Suggestion
Women in society
Introduction
Importance of women in our society
Status of women
· As a mother
· As a sister
· As daughter
· As a wife
Status of women after and before Islam
women in Pakistan
Role of women in society
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Kite- fighting had been popular throughout Asia for hundred of years , The aim is to bring down an opponent’s kite by severing his line with your own. Gum and powdered glass are this, when it rubs against the string of an enemy’s kite, cuts it. Beautiful and elaborate kites have been developed for this fighting. Marking a food fighting kite is a very skilful art, and may take weeks of patient labour.
The Technique to fly a kite was described very accurately by Marco polo , the European explorer who went to China more than seven hundred years ago . The men, polo saw flying a kite were not engaged in a game , or a pastime. They were a ship’s crew, superstitious as all sailors are, and they believed the kite would show them whether or not their voyage would be prosperous, If the kite went straight up it was a good sign, and they would immediately set sail.
Kites have also been used to carry men up onto the air: this could only be done when a strong and constant wind was blowing. Marco polo also tells how madmen or drunkards were tied to kites and sent up as unwilling victims of a cruel joke.
What is the aim of a kite fighter?
What thing are used to prepare the string for kite fighting?
Who was Marco polo and whom did he see flying kites?
Why did the sailors fly kites?
When did kites carry man in the air?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Everyone feels at home in Amsterdam. There’s something about it that puts Strangers immediately at ease: rather like the relaxed atmosphere of a house where no one brothers to hide anything away or plump the cushions before visitors arrival, you can kick off your shoes if you like and no one will notice- or care Amsterdam’s just like that – and always has been welcoming all comers from the Jews to the Huguenots, form the Indonesians to the Hippies of the sixties , letter them live and let- live, do their own thing. Because Amsterdammers themselves like to do their own thing. There’s evidence wherever you go. In the streets, on the canals, in Dam Square , there ‘II usually be plenty to make you stop and smile: a starving artist at a herring stall , canvas underarm, taking his lunch by the tail and downing it raw: barrel- organs, old men with Rembrandt faces. And did you see a man sitting stripped to the waist in that first – floor window playing a cello? It could happen in Amsterdam and it does.
By day there are so many tourist attractions after that famous canal ride which is a must for every visitor to Amsterdam. There is , of course , the great Rijks museum with its priceless Collection of Dutch masters, Anne Frank’s house, the flea market, the water flower market , the antique centers, concert halls and theaters.
Every at lighting-up time, no one draws curtains or closes shutters, so a stroll by twilight will tell you a much about the life of the private citizen as he cares to reveal, To capture the essence of the city all you need do is sit inside or outside the Hoppe Bar in the Squi, a coffee and a genever in hand, and watch the world go by. For in Amsterdam, it will!
Whether a long weekend break or a short visit abroad is planned , Amsterdam will, as experienced travelers know m thrill you. It is correctly called surprising Amsterdam because it is a city full of unexpected excitement. Tulips, clogs and cheese—the typical tourist image of Holland will indeed be found in Amsterdam but you will be more delighted when you discover its 50 canals, trams, herring stalls and row upon row of gabled buildings.
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Surgeons had believed for many years that to tamper with heart mean instant death. In the mid 1960’s a heart-Lung machine was developed which took over the functions of the heart and lungs in pumping and oxygenating blood. This enabled surgeons to replace diseased valves , by pass arteries and repair holes. Medical technology had been unable to develop an artificial heart , so the only alternative was to transplant human heart . The first experiments took palace on animals, notably dogs and pigs. The first human transplant took palace on 3rd Dec. 1967 in cape town, South Africa. Dr.Christian Barnard made medical history when he transplanted the heart of a 25-year-old female bank clerk into Louis washkansky, a 56-years - old wholesale grocer. Unfortunately, Washkansky died eighteen days afterwards as a result of tissue rejection and pneumonia. But despite in the 1970s when heart transplants were banned , many such operations now take place.
The whole question of donor organs presents problems which need to be considered. Is it right, for example, to keep body functions going mechanically until a convenient moment when the body becomes useful as the source of a spare part? Having kept the body ‘alive’ artificially on a machine, do doctors have the right to switch the machine off, thereby ‘killing’ the patient?
1. What was surgeon’s belief about tampering with hear ?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
‘First ! Fire!’ What terrible words to heart when one wakes up in a strange house in the middle of the night. It was a large, old , wooden house – the short that burns beautifully – and my room was on the top floor. I jumped out of bed, opened the door and stepped out into the 5 passage. It was full of thick smoke.
I began to run, but as I was still only half – awake , instead of going towards the stairs I went in the opposite direction. The smoke grew thicker and I could see flames all around. The floor became hot under my bare feet. I found 10 an open door and ran into a room to get to the window. But before I could reach it , one of my feet caught in something soft and I fell down. The thing I had fallen over felt like a bundle of clothes, and O picked it up to protect my face 15 from the smoke and heat. Just then the floor gave way under me and O crashed to the floor below with pieces of burning wood all around me.
I saw a flaming doorway in font, put the bundle over my face and ran. My feet burned me terribly, but I got through. As I reached the cold air outside, my bundle 20 of clothes gave a thin cry . I nearly dropped it in my surprise. Then I saw a crowed gathered in the street. A woman in a night- dress and a borrowed man’s coat screamed as she saw me and came running madly.
‘My baby! My baby!’ she cried. The crowed 25 cheered wildly as she took the smoke- blackened bundle out of my arms. I was a hero!
What is the effect of the word ‘fire’ on one sleeping in a strange house?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Our boat floated on, between walls of forest too thick to allow us a view of the land we were passing through , though we knew from the map that our river must from time to time be passing through chains of hills which crossed the jungle plains. Nowhere did we find a place where we could have landed: where the jungle did not actually spread right down into the river, banks of soft mud prevented us going ashore. In any case, what would we have gained by landing? The country was full of snakes and other dangerous creature, and the jungle so thick that one would be able to advance only slowly cutting one’s way with knives the whole way . So we stayed in the boat , hoping that when we reached the seam, a friendly fisher man would pick us up and take us to civilization.
We lived on fish, caught with a home-made net of string (we had no books), and any fruit and nuts we could pick up out of the water. As we had no fire, we had to eat everything including the fish, raw. I had never tasted raw fish before, and I must say O did not much enjoy the experience : perhaps sea-fish which do not live in the mud are less tasteless . After eating my raw fish , I lay back and dreamed of such things as fried chicken and rice and ice-cream. In the never – ending damp heat of the jungle , ice – cream was a particularly frequent dream.
As for water, there was a choice : we could drink the muddy ruddy river water, or die of thirst. We drank the water. Men who have just escaped what had appeared to be certain death lose all worries about such small things as diseases caused by dirty water. In fact, none of us suffered from any illness as a result.
One day we passed another village , but fortunately nobody saw us. We did not wish to rick being taken prisoners a second time: we might not be so lucky as to escape in a stolen boat again.
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Trees are useful to Man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products ; they give him shade; and they help to prevent draught and floods.
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world , Man has not eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees, he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that with them he has lost the best friends he had.
Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire fell to pieces, the home country found itself faced by foods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the impotence of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villager to see this . The villager wants wood to cook his food with; and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman. He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new trees. So unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests slowly disappear.
This does not only mean that the villagers’ sons and grand- sons have fewer trees. The result are even more serious; for where there ate trees their roots break the sol up--- allowing the rain to sink in – and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily; but where there are no trees. The rain falls on hard ground and flows away on the surface, causing floods and carrying away with it the rich top-soil. In which crops grow so will . When all the top-soil is gone , nothing remains but worthless desert.
What are three main uses of trees?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
The person who can see a ship without some feeling of excitement must have very little imagination. Even the idea of leaving the solid land on which most of us were born and brought up, and going out on to the ever-moving waters must rouse in us all some feelings of strangeness. We may remember stories of terrible storms, with waves as high as mountains; and of people from ships which have sunk spending weeks in small boats hundreds of miles from land. But we have also heard to the joy of traveling over calm seas under blue skies, and of the unforgettable excitement of coming , one fine morning , to a new and beautiful land which we have seen only in pictures before.
But ships ate not, of course, made chiefly for pleasure: their biggest use is in carrying goods from country to country. If ships did not exist, the British Government would be quite unable to feed the people in the British Isles. Aero planes are much too expensive, and there not enough of them to feed even a small country like England. Trains cannot cross seas, and even if they could, they amount of goods they can carry cannot be compared with the amount that ships can. In fact, ships can carry more goods than any other hand, they are slower than trains or aero planes.
This slowness means that travelers who want to get somewhere in a hurry and who have not got too much luggage now usually prefer to fly rather than to go by ship. But even for passengers, ships have the advantage of being cheaper than trains or aero planes, and also much more comfortable, so that if you want a restful , not too expensive voyage, the ship will suit you best.
Ship have played a very important part in history by making it possible to discover more and more distant parts of our world. Columbus used a ship to discover America about 450 years ago. And even now ships are used for exploring the Antarctic. It would, in fact , not be too much to say that ships have for thousands of years played one of the most important parts in shaping society.
What are the feelings of a man of imagination on seeing a ship?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
God made this world for the habitation of man and has given it to him for his dwelling place. It was made for all men. And they all have a right to a share in it. In the world, where there is bread enough to spare, why should any one perish with hunger? That is the question, which the hungry in every land are asking, and they have a right to ask it. Society is not divinely organized when some men have so much that they know not hoe to use it; and others so little that they know not how to live. Whether the twin evils of luxurious wealth and sordid poverty are due to the rich or to the poor or to neither but to a vicious organization of society, we do not here consider. They are evils which democracy is endeavoring to cure by promoting a better distribution of wealth. And in doing this, democracy is endeavoring not only to secure to all men their rights, but to enable all men to perform their duties, for it is the duty of every man to put into the world at least as much as he takes out of it, and the duty of society is to make this possible for every man .
Does the writer believe in the equality of man? It so on What grounds?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
The rapid rise and no less rapid fall of Spain’s empire make it difficult for us to visualize the position she held in Europe. Spain set the cultural and social standards of the time, and the golden age of Spanish art and literature, from 1580 to 1680 coincide with the heyday of this world domination. The court of Madrid patronized painters, archaists, poets and travelers, Palaces and monasteries built partly from the subscriptions of subjects and partly from the wealth of Americans, sprang up over the Castilian countryside exhibiting the Italian ideas of their builders. Noblemen and their ladies had their portraits painted by Velazquez, who had ousted the formalist EI Greco. Spain set the fashion in matters of taste , and whilst the lower middle-classes continued their wonted habits of thought and activity fashionable European society aped the manners of Spanish aristocracy .
What do the people who oppose English as a medium of instructions say?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Whether the subject should be taught in English in our educational institutions or through the medium of our mother tongue is one of the most important problems of the present day. There are quite a few point to be considered in this connection. Those who oppose the introduction of English as a medium of instruction think that the subjects taught in English are not properly understood by the students. When they are not able to understand a point properly , they are evidently unable to express it properly. When they are compelled to write the answers in English they feel pained. Hence they develop a sort of inferiority complex. This thing mars the growth of intellectual power and as a result their personality remains undeveloped. Thus they prove a complete failure in their lives, it is not simply the medium of instruction that counts in the educational affairs. There are some other factors as well to be taken into consideration Moreover, Urdu is still in a stage of infancy . It is impossible for it to compete with English at this stage.
What do the people who oppose English as a medium of instructions say?
Read the following passage and Answer the questions below.
Humans may not need mean but they definitely like it .Most people when given the chance will choose meat rather than just vegetables alone. With increasing affluence, the nations of the world are consuming increasing amounts of animal products. But this does not always mean that there is more usable protein in the diet. More often animal protein merely replaces vegetable and cereal protein and dramatically increases the fat consumption of the diet. All animal products are in fat. No just the visible fat that you see in the fat around piece of steak or bacon: even a piece of lean beef has a fat content of 10% but did you ever see a fat vegetarian? Meat, poultry and fish were not originally part of man’s diet. Our teeth evolved to deal with vegetables and seeds not flesh . Our digestive systems are those of foragers, not hunters. We cannot forge ourselves on meat and then go without eating for many days as other carnivores do. But meat is lightly concentrated form of nutriment and is also among the most appetizing of foods in the average diet. The flavour and smell of meat are thoroughly woven into the traditional ways of eating , so much so that many people find the prospect of going without meat disheartening to say the least.
Suggest a suitable title for the passage .
2 What is meant by ‘increasing affluence’ and ‘vegetarian’
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